IAE-Pedia - Recent changes [en]

Alan Kay

2010-09-06T07:55:54Z

Author or Authors

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	The initial version of this page was developed by David Moursund.		The initial version of this page was developed by David Moursund.

-
-	~~[[Category: Work in Progress]]~~
	[[Category: Pioneer]]		[[Category: Pioneer]]
	[[Category: Artificial Intelligence]]		[[Category: Artificial Intelligence]]
	[[Category: Laptop Computers]]		[[Category: Laptop Computers]]
	[[Category: Futurist]]		[[Category: Futurist]]

Knowledge Discovery and Data-mining

2010-09-05T19:54:13Z

Two General Types of Data Bases

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	This is a stub for KDD as it relates to education.		This is a stub for KDD as it relates to education.
		+
		+	==Introduction==
		+	Here is a quote from a short article by Sid Perkins in the 8/14/2010 issue of ''Science News'':
		+
		+	:: Researchers poring over Google Earth images have discovered one of the planet's freshest impact craters—a 45-meter-wide pock in southwestern Egypt that probably was evacuated by a fast-moving meteorite no more than a few thousand years ago.
		+
		+	This is an excellent example of data mining. The Google company provides a search engine named Google. It also provides at no cost a variety of software and a lot of Web content. Google Earth contains a large collection of views of the earth provided by Google.
		+
		+	People using Google Earth have different purposes in mind. Many of these purposes will be ones that Google did not think of when it was creating this database. The researchers mentioned in the quote given above had a particular interest and searched the database looking for images that met their needs. '''That is, they did research by data mining.'''
		+
		+	Well, what's the big deal? Users of the Web do this all of the time. A Web user poses a problem or question, translates it into search terms, and uses a Web search engine to seek information. The Web is a huge collection of data,information, and knowledge organized into Web pages.
		+
		+	The knowledge and skills of the search engine are combined with the knowledge and skills of the person using the search engine in an attempt to find data that fits the needs of the searcher. The artificially intelligent computer search engine and the human's intelligence are combined in an attempt to find the desired data. This is an excellent example of [http://iae-pedia.org/Two_Brains_Are_Better_Than_One Two Brains Are Better Than One.]
		+
		+	==Two General Types of Data Bases==
		+	(Work in progress.) Describe fixed field database with the data collected and organized to help answer predetermined questions. A hard copy or electronic telephone directory is a good example. A companies employees database and customers data base are other example.
		+
		+	A physical (hard copy) library is a type of data base. At the first level, the "data" are the documents. A user's goal is to find (retrieve) a particular document. As libraries grew in size, people developed the idea of a card catalog. One of more cards correspond to a document. The cards are arranged alphabetically in drawers. A user can search by author name …
		+
		+	Flat file database: See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_file_database. Quoting from the document:
		+
		+	:: The first uses of computing machines were implementations of simple databases. Herman Hollerith conceived the idea that census data could be represented by holes punched in paper cards and tabulated by machine. He sold his concept to the US Census Bureau; thus, the Census of 1890 was the first ever computerized database—consisting, in essence, of thousands of boxes full of punched cards.
		+
		+	:: The first uses of computing machines were implementations of simple databases. Herman Hollerith conceived the idea that census data could be represented by holes punched in paper cards and tabulated by machine. He sold his concept to the US Census Bureau; thus, the Census of 1890 was the first ever computerized database—consisting, in essence, of thousands of boxes full of punched cards.
		+
		+	:: Strictly, a flat file database should consist of nothing but data and, if records vary in length, delimiters. More broadly, the term refers to any database which exists in a single file in the form of rows and columns, with no relationships or links between records and fields except the table structure.
		+
		+	:: … the basic terms "record" and "field" are used in nearly every flat file database implementation.
		+
		+	In a flat file database, items in a field bear some relationship to each other. For example, one field might be the last name of employees, a second field the first names of the same employees, and a third field their hourly rate of pay, and the next seven fields an employee's hours worked on M, Tu, W, Th, F, Sat, and Sunday of a particular work week. It is this semantic organization that makes such databases so powerful and relatively easy to use.
		+
		+	There are many general types of databases. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database.
		+
		+	As an example, see Semantic Database at http://semanticdb.blogspot.com. Quoting:
		+
		+	:: Semantic Database realizes the Semantic Web vision of Sir Tim Berner Lee. This space will hold the thoughts and ideas that comes to me while talking to different people who are interested in this topic. Semantic DB is an attempt to create a Database(knowledge base) where each data elements are related to every other elements based on meaning. I am Still working on it. If you are reading this then please feel free to write your comment on the posts you are reading.

	==Growth in Data==		==Growth in Data==

Using Humor to Maximize Learning

2010-09-05T04:34:08Z

References

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	A look at some of the research heightens our awareness of the possible dangers that excess stress creates for our students. Although no firm conclusions have been made, here are some of the recent theories on the relationship between stress, depression, memory and learning.		A look at some of the research heightens our awareness of the possible dangers that excess stress creates for our students. Although no firm conclusions have been made, here are some of the recent theories on the relationship between stress, depression, memory and learning.

-	An impoverished and stressful childhood may diminish learning by having a negative impact on the medial temporal memory of a child. Prenatal stress and the stress that comes from living in poverty have been found to have a negative impact on the neurological development and subsequent ability to learn. (Farah, 2005) Excess fear might lead to actual memory loss. Robert Sapolsky conducted a fascinating study examining the brains of World War II veterans who had survived intense trauma during the war. It was found that the hippocampus of these men was usually smaller than non-veterans in same age category. He noted an actual loss of part of the hippocampus in these veterans as well as a resulting memory loss. (Sapolsky, 1999) Current studies corroborate this relationship between excess stress, damage to the hippocampus and subsequent memory loss, but no firm conclusions can be made as of yet.	+	An impoverished and stressful childhood may diminish learning by having a negative impact on the medial temporal memory of a child. Prenatal stress and the stress that comes from living in poverty have been found to have a negative impact on the neurological development and subsequent ability to learn (Farah, 2005). Excess fear might lead to actual memory loss. Robert Sapolsky conducted a fascinating study examining the brains of World War II veterans who had survived intense trauma during the war. It was found that the hippocampus of these men was usually smaller than non-veterans in same age category. He noted an actual loss of part of the hippocampus in these veterans as well as a resulting memory loss. (Sapolsky, 1999) Current studies corroborate this relationship between excess stress, damage to the hippocampus and subsequent memory loss, but no firm conclusions can be made as of yet.
-		+
-	Overuse or misuse of the reflexive response system can escalate simple anger and assertiveness into reflexive physical aggression. Some students constantly live in an insecure fearful environment producing a learned helplessness response. (Sylwester, 2005) Often students just give up when they feel they have no control over their environment. “A reflexive stress response occurs unconsciously, and so reduces our ability to create factual memories.” (Sylwester, 2005)	+	Overuse or misuse of the reflexive response system can escalate simple anger and assertiveness into reflexive physical aggression. Some students constantly live in an insecure fearful environment producing a learned helplessness response (Sylwester, 2005). Often students just give up when they feel they have no control over their environment. “A reflexive stress response occurs unconsciously, and so reduces our ability to create factual memories.” (Sylwester, 2005)

	:: “Before giving anyone a piece of your mind, be sure you have enough to spare.”		:: “Before giving anyone a piece of your mind, be sure you have enough to spare.”
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	:: Piled Higher and Deeper" (PhD) is the comic strip about life (or the lack thereof) in academia. The author, Jorge Cham, got his PhD in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, and was a full-time Instructor and researcher at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) from 2003-2005.		:: Piled Higher and Deeper" (PhD) is the comic strip about life (or the lack thereof) in academia. The author, Jorge Cham, got his PhD in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, and was a full-time Instructor and researcher at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) from 2003-2005.

-	Here is a sample, Copyright (c) jorge cham, originally [published 9/3/2010.	+	Here is a sample, Copyright (c) jorge cham, originally published 9/3/2010.
		+
		+	[[Image:PHD comic strip.jpeg\|465px]]


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	:: Written in Greek, Philogelos, or The Laughter Lover, dates to the third or fourth century AD, and contains some 260 jokes which Beard said are "very similar" to the jokes we have today, although peopled with different stereotypes – the "egghead", or absent-minded professor, is a particular figure of fun, along with the eunuch, and people with hernias or bad breath.		:: Written in Greek, Philogelos, or The Laughter Lover, dates to the third or fourth century AD, and contains some 260 jokes which Beard said are "very similar" to the jokes we have today, although peopled with different stereotypes – the "egghead", or absent-minded professor, is a particular figure of fun, along with the eunuch, and people with hernias or bad breath.
		+
	Henderson, Bobby (2006). Open Letter to Kansas School Board. Retrieved 12/26/08: http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/. Quoting the first two paragraphs from the Website:		Henderson, Bobby (2006). Open Letter to Kansas School Board. Retrieved 12/26/08: http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/. Quoting the first two paragraphs from the Website:

File:PHD comic strip.jpeg

2010-09-05T04:22:31Z

uploaded "[[File:PHD comic strip.jpeg]]"

New page

Using Humor to Maximize Learning

2010-09-05T04:21:34Z

References

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	Berk, Ron et. al. (2008). What everybody should know about humor & laughter. Retrieved 4/24/08: http://www.aath.org/documents/AATH-WhatWeKnowREVISED.pdf.		Berk, Ron et. al. (2008). What everybody should know about humor & laughter. Retrieved 4/24/08: http://www.aath.org/documents/AATH-WhatWeKnowREVISED.pdf.
		+
		+	Cham, Jorge (2010). ''Piled higher and deeper.'' Retrieved 9/4/2010 from http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive_list.php. Quoting from the website:
		+
		+	:: Piled Higher and Deeper" (PhD) is the comic strip about life (or the lack thereof) in academia. The author, Jorge Cham, got his PhD in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, and was a full-time Instructor and researcher at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) from 2003-2005.
		+
		+	Here is a sample, Copyright (c) jorge cham, originally [published 9/3/2010.
		+

	College Humor. http://www.collegehumor.com/.		College Humor. http://www.collegehumor.com/.

User:Sarahkate

2010-09-04T03:10:37Z

New user account

New page

Collaborative Research and Development

2010-08-31T22:40:22Z

Evergreen State College

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	On the other hand, formal education has a very strong competitive orientation. In some sense, each individual student is competing against other students in terms of a grading system and a process of grading "on a curve." The design of an assessment instrument typically includes a focus on producing a spread of results.		On the other hand, formal education has a very strong competitive orientation. In some sense, each individual student is competing against other students in terms of a grading system and a process of grading "on a curve." The design of an assessment instrument typically includes a focus on producing a spread of results.

-	There is another very important educational implication that is not being addressed very well. The R&D and other teams or groups of workers make routine use of Information and Communication Technology and quite powerful tools. However, typically students are not allowed to use such tools when they are taking tests. Our educational system has not yet adjusted to the basic tenets of [http://iae-pedia.org/Computational_Thinking Computational Thinking] and that [http://iae-pedia.org/Two_Brains_Are_Better_Than_One two brains] (human plus computer) are frequently better than one.	+	There is another very important educational implication that is not being addressed very well. The R&D and other teams or groups of workers make routine use of Information and Communication Technology and quite powerful tools. However, typically students are not allowed to use such tools when they are taking tests. Our educational system has not yet adjusted to the basic tenets of [http://iae-pedia.org/Computational_Thinking Computational Thinking] and that [http://iae-pedia.org/Two_Brains_Are_Better_Than_One two brains] (human plus computer) are frequently better than one.
		+
		+	===Evergreen State College===
		+	Quoting from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evergreen_State_College:
		+
		+	:: The Evergreen State College is an accredited public liberal arts college and is a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges that is located in Olympia, Washington, USA. Founded in 1967, Evergreen was formed to be an experimental and non-traditional college. Faculty issue narrative evaluations of students' work rather than grades, and Evergreen organizes most studies into largely interdisciplinary classes that generally constitute a full-time course load.
		+
		+	…
		+
		+	:: Evergreen is unique in that undergraduate students select a program for the entire quarter rather than multiple courses. Full time programs will encompass a quarter's worth of work in everything related to that program concentration. '''Students have the freedom to choose what courses they feel they need and they are not required to follow a specific set of programs.''' At the end of the program the professor writes a one page report about the student's activity in the class rather than a letter grade. The professor also determines how many credits should be awarded to the student. [Bold added for emphasis.]

	==Collaboration Without Pay==		==Collaboration Without Pay==

David Moursund's To Write List

2010-08-31T22:29:55Z

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

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	==An IAE Blog==		==An IAE Blog==
-	In August 2010, the Information Age Education organization ~~will launch~~ Blog designed to help in IAE's goal of improving education at all levels, and throughout the word. A number of the topics listed on this Web page will be included as topics of discussion in the Blog.	+	In August 2010, the Information Age Education organization launched a Blog (see http://i-a-e.org/iae-blog.html) designed to help in IAE's goal of improving education at all levels, and throughout the word. A number of the topics listed on this Web page will be included as topics of discussion in the Blog.

	Here is a topic that I find interesting. On average, people in the United States are reading less hard copy print materials than in the past. One can argue that this is made up by spending more time reading email, instant messages, Web documents, and so on. And, of course, they are spending a lot of time playing electronic games.		Here is a topic that I find interesting. On average, people in the United States are reading less hard copy print materials than in the past. One can argue that this is made up by spending more time reading email, instant messages, Web documents, and so on. And, of course, they are spending a lot of time playing electronic games.

-	So, let's narrow the topic a little. When I was a child, reading was one of my favorite pastimes. We had radio—another important pastime—but we did not have TV until I was 16. (~~Tat~~'s if you want to consider a very small number of fuzzy channels to be TV!)	+	So, let's narrow the topic a little. When I was a child, reading was one of my favorite pastimes. We had radio—another important pastime—but we did not have TV until I was 16. (That's if you want to consider a very small number of fuzzy channels to be TV!)

	Now, on average, young people read far fewer stories and books for entertainment than when I was young. They play far more electronic games. Think of an interactive multi player game as a type of book—as an adventure story. Playing the game has some of the characteristics of reading a book. One has to use their imagination and thinking skills to understand what is going on. The "plat" may be quite complex and it can take a long time to learn the environment and characters. In addition, in the game, one can be an active participant, and one's participation changes what is going on in the game. Also, in such a game one interacts with (collaborates with, competes with) other game players. Thus, in some sense, playing such a video game fills (is significantly replacing) an entertainment niche that was formerly filled by reading for entertainment.		Now, on average, young people read far fewer stories and books for entertainment than when I was young. They play far more electronic games. Think of an interactive multi player game as a type of book—as an adventure story. Playing the game has some of the characteristics of reading a book. One has to use their imagination and thinking skills to understand what is going on. The "plat" may be quite complex and it can take a long time to learn the environment and characters. In addition, in the game, one can be an active participant, and one's participation changes what is going on in the game. Also, in such a game one interacts with (collaborates with, competes with) other game players. Thus, in some sense, playing such a video game fills (is significantly replacing) an entertainment niche that was formerly filled by reading for entertainment.

	The same type of analysis can be done for movies versus video games.		The same type of analysis can be done for movies versus video games.
-
-
-

	==IAE Wiki Page Not Yet Created==		==IAE Wiki Page Not Yet Created==
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	:: '''Ramage said computers are used to encourage and reward foster children who do well in school.''' [Bold added for emphasis.]		:: '''Ramage said computers are used to encourage and reward foster children who do well in school.''' [Bold added for emphasis.]

		+	====Daniel Pink====
	Note that students are being rewarded by being given an important tool that all should have. Hmm. See Daniel Pink's book that discusses reward structures for lower-order work and for higher-order work.		Note that students are being rewarded by being given an important tool that all should have. Hmm. See Daniel Pink's book that discusses reward structures for lower-order work and for higher-order work.
		+
		+	Notes to self:
		+
		+	Communities of Practice at http://www.ewenger.com/theory/communities_of_practice_intro.htm
		+
		+	Pink. book titled Drive . Type 1 behavior, a way of thinking and an approach to business grounded in the real science of human mtivation and powered by our third drive—our inate need to direct our own lives, to learn and create new things, and to do better by ourselves and our world.
		+
		+	Hmm. Note creativity. This has long been recognized as a driver.
		+
		+	First is biological. Second is extrinsic; third is Type 1.
		+
		+	How are health care and education alike? They both are concerned with the well being of people. They both contribute to the bettering of the human condition.
		+
		+	Daniel Pink's book is mainly about motivating works in business and industry. From that point of view it is a book about business and economics.
		+
		+	But, every once in a while in the book he includes examples of research in education and suggestions that his ideas apply to all both students and their teachers.
		+
		+	Now, with two different pairs of apples and oranges—and education being in each pair, we have a more interesting situation to explore and learn from.
		+
		+	The fundamental theme in Pink's book is that there are three major themes of motivation that need to be considered:
		+
		+	1. Biological. This is a type of intrinsic motivation that is a strong driver in the live all of us.
		+
		+	2. Extrinsic—especially rewards and punishments; especially if-then contingencies. If you don't shown up for work on time, I will dock your pay. Continue to do that, and I will fire you. If you work overtime, I will pay you time -and-a-half. If we meet our sales goals for this month, I will take all of you out to a nice dinner.
		+
		+	3. Intrinsic, especially for those who have their baseline needs being met. They have fair, decent, competitive wages and work conditions. They, offer the type of reward that is not based on if-then. Rather think in terms of personal satisfaction, making a difference in the world, contributing to the welfare of other, expressing one's creativity, and so on.
		+
		+	Autonomy: task, time, team, and technique. This comes from others, but is mentioned in the Pink book.

	===Carol Dweck===		===Carol Dweck===

Improving Math Education

2010-08-31T22:09:06Z

=Ideas from Dan Meyer

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	:# Computer animation. Starting in the earliest grades, students can learn to use Kid Pix or equivalent, and various other software that permits creating and animating objects. There is a lot of math in this, and many kids find it to be fun. Related areas include animation-type programming languages such as [http://www.alice.org/ Alice], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(programming_language) Logo], [http://scratch.mit.edu/ Scratch], [http://www.squeak.org/ Squeak], and so on. See also [http://ldd.lego.com/ LEGO Digital Designer.]		:# Computer animation. Starting in the earliest grades, students can learn to use Kid Pix or equivalent, and various other software that permits creating and animating objects. There is a lot of math in this, and many kids find it to be fun. Related areas include animation-type programming languages such as [http://www.alice.org/ Alice], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(programming_language) Logo], [http://scratch.mit.edu/ Scratch], [http://www.squeak.org/ Squeak], and so on. See also [http://ldd.lego.com/ LEGO Digital Designer.]
	:# [http://maxima.sourceforge.net/compalg.html Computer Algebra Systems] and other powerful math software packages. Examples include Maple and Mathematica.		:# [http://maxima.sourceforge.net/compalg.html Computer Algebra Systems] and other powerful math software packages. Examples include Maple and Mathematica.
		+
		+
		+	====Ideas from Dan Meyer====
		+	Meyer, Dan (march 2010). TED talk: Math class needs a makeover. (11:39 video.) Retrieved 8/31/2010 from http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/dan_meyer_math_curriculum_makeover.html. Quoting from the Website:
		+
		+
		+	:: Today's math curriculum is teaching students to expect -- and excel at -- paint-by-numbers classwork, robbing kids of a skill more important than solving problems: formulating them. At TEDxNYED, Dan Meyer shows classroom-tested math exercises that prompt students to stop and think.
		+
		+	:: Dan Meyer asks, "How can we design the ideal learning experience for students?" As a part-time Googler, a provocative blogger and a full-time high-school math teacher, his perspective on curriculum design, teacher education and teacher retention is informed by tech trends and online discourse as much as front-line experience with students.
		+	Meyer has spun off his enlightening message -- that teachers "be less helpful" and push their students to formulate the steps to solve math problems -- into a nationwide tour-of-duty on the speaking circuit.
		+
		+	"I teach high school math. I sell a product to a market that doesn't want it but is forced by law to buy it." Dan Meyer
		+

	====Teaching Math for Social Justice====		====Teaching Math for Social Justice====

David Moursund's To Write List

2010-08-31T21:49:27Z

Auxiliary Memory

Show changes

Robotics and Education

2010-08-31T21:08:53Z

References

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	:: "R2D2, how it moved, its locomotion, inspired me to study robot locomotion, and C3PO, the human servant robot, inspired me to study human-robot interaction," says Hong. The force has been with him ever since.		:: "R2D2, how it moved, its locomotion, inspired me to study robot locomotion, and C3PO, the human servant robot, inspired me to study human-robot interaction," says Hong. The force has been with him ever since.
		+
		+	==A Prediction of the Future==
		+	Thiboddeau, Patrick (7/14/2010). Robots as the next big industry. Computerworld. Retrieved 8/31/2010 from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9179147/Robots_as_the_next_big_industry_?taxonomyId=12. Quoting from the article:
		+
		+
		+	:: The hardest thing about artificial intelligence (AI) is keeping your imagination in check. A visit to some robotic displays at an AI conference here opens the mind to incredible possibilities.
		+
		+	:: Imagine, for instance, CNBC's Jim Cramer, who just about jumps up and down when he talks about the "mobile Internet tsunami," doing something similar for the "robotics tsunami" as the next big industry. It is that kind of thinking that AI can trigger.
		+
		+	:: However, for the wonder of watching a robot with expressive eye movements, there is a competing reality that progress is slow. For a sense of the timeline, the Conference on Artificial Intelligence marks its silver anniversary next year.
		+
		+	:: "Early on there was this dream that robots could be generally intelligent; that they would rival and surpass humans in their abilities to do things," Leslie Kaelbling, a professor of computer science and engineering at MIT, said at the conference. "The current commercial reality is pretty different."
		+
		+	:: A lot of AI research fragmented in directions away from robotics, creating algorithms that underpin business intelligence, finance, Web and other uses. AI got separated from robotics because the machines are a pain: physical and unreliable. However, "They are getting better," Kaelbling said.

	==References==		==References==
-	Ward, Jacob (7/20/2010). The loneliest humanoid in America. ~~Pppular~~ Science. Retrieved 8/2/2010 from http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-07/loneliest-humanoid-america. Quoting from the article:	+	Ward, Jacob (7/20/2010). The loneliest humanoid in America. Popular Science. Retrieved 8/2/2010 from http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-07/loneliest-humanoid-america. Quoting from the article:

	:: Walking, self-contained, adult-size robots are commonplace in robotics labs in Japan and South Korea, but there’s only one made here. Why are we falling behind? …		:: Walking, self-contained, adult-size robots are commonplace in robotics labs in Japan and South Korea, but there’s only one made here. Why are we falling behind? …

Women and ICT

2010-08-31T18:54:51Z

Gender Gap

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	[http://iae-pedia.org/Vicki_Smith_Bigham Bigham, Vicki Smith.]		[http://iae-pedia.org/Vicki_Smith_Bigham Bigham, Vicki Smith.]

-	[http://iae-pedia.org/~~Karen_BillingsBillings~~, Karen.]	+	[http://iae-pedia.org/Karen_Billings Billings, Karen.]

	[http://iae-pedia.org/Marge_Cappo Cappo, Marge.]		[http://iae-pedia.org/Marge_Cappo Cappo, Marge.]
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	:: The Society of Women Engineers (SWE) is a not-for-profit educational and service organization that empowers women to succeed and advance in the field of engineering, and to be recognized for their life-changing contributions as engineers and leaders. Founded in 1950, SWE is the driving force that establishes engineering as a highly desirable career for women through an exciting array of training and development programs, networking opportunities, scholarships, outreach and advocacy activities, and much more.		:: The Society of Women Engineers (SWE) is a not-for-profit educational and service organization that empowers women to succeed and advance in the field of engineering, and to be recognized for their life-changing contributions as engineers and leaders. Founded in 1950, SWE is the driving force that establishes engineering as a highly desirable career for women through an exciting array of training and development programs, networking opportunities, scholarships, outreach and advocacy activities, and much more.
		+
		+	==Gender Gap==
		+	Historically, more men than women have majored in Computer and Information Science at the University level. This gap is narrowed substantially at Universities that create more "women friendly" environments in their CIS Departments.
		+
		+	Some people suggest that this gender gap is related to the gender gap in math. Quoting from
		+	the article [http://www.tip.duke.edu/about/news/2010/research_pr.html Duke TIP program team announces key findings of 30-year study] published 6/18/2010:
		+
		+	:: The Duke Talent Identification Program announces key research findings in the area of sex differences in cognitive abilities, in particular mathematical ability and science reasoning. A recent study, “Sex differences in the right tail of cognitive abilities: A 30 year examination,” conducted by four Duke TIP researchers, including Executive Director and Professor of Psychology Martha Putallaz, Ph.D., considers standardized test scores of over 1.6 million 7th graders across three decades. The study findings hold potential implications for the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.
		+
		+	:: Since 1981, TIP has conducted an annual Talent Search, whereby 7th graders take the SAT or ACT—generally given to high school juniors—to assess their academic ability. Using these SAT and ACT scores, TIP’s team of researchers, including Jonathan Wai, Megan Cacchio, Martha Putallaz, and Matthew C. Makel, were able to adequately capture the individual differences in ability in the highest-scoring children.
		+
		+	:: The team found that the gender gap between 7th grade boys and girls in mathematical ability is substantially lower than it was 30 years ago, but that there continues to be a gap in mathematical ability. Additionally there is still a gap in what the researchers suggest should now be considered a new factor in the debate—science reasoning.
		+
		+	:: he TIP researchers examined the top 5% of ability (the right tail), but primarily focused on the top 0.01 percentile of these students: those 7th graders who scored 700 or above on the SAT-Math portion or the equivalent on the ACT-Math and ACT-Science portions (see Figure 1). They found that in the early 1980’s there were roughly thirteen males to every female scoring 700 or above on the SAT-Math, and ten years later, in the early 1990’s, there were roughly four males to every female, this ratio drop being likely due to sociocultural factors (such as academic encouragement and mathematical instruction of females). However, the ratio has not substantially changed since the early 1990’s. Additionally, for the last 20 years, the male-female ratios on the ACT-Math and the ACT-Science have also remained fairly stable at about three males to every female.

	==Women in IT in Malaysia==		==Women in IT in Malaysia==

User:TroughCook

2010-08-31T15:53:34Z

New user account

New page

Collaborative Research and Invention

2010-08-31T00:31:08Z

moved [[Collaborative Research and Invention]] to [[Collaborative Research and Development]] Better title.

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Collaborative Research and Invention

2010-08-31T00:28:46Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:28, 31 August 2010
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		+
		+
		+
		+	==Introduction==
		+	A human brain is naturally a curious, creative, and inventive problem solver. Long before the development of reading and writing, knowledge was developed by individuals and shared via show and tell, oral tradition, apprenticeships, and passing on artifacts from one generation to the next.
		+
		+	This accumulative knowledge-building was greatly aided by the development of reading and writing. With reading and writing, knowledge could be preserved and shared both by oral tradition and face-to-face sharing, but also via publication.
		+
		+	Early universities were places where libraries of written material and artifacts were accumulated, and people came together both to use these resources and for scholarly communications. A university might house research instruments and tools such as a telescope or chemistry laboratory.
		+
		+	While research, invention, and development (for simplicity, let's just call it R&D) could be carried out by a single individual, the support provided by the resources and people in a university or research center could well increase productivity.
		+
		+	==Nowadays==
		+	Nowadays we have R&D centers located throughout the world. Both the people working together and the resources they draw upon may be widely dispersed. Information and Communication Technology help in communication among the people and the shared use of facilities such as the Hadron Collider, the Hubble Telescope, the International Space Station, Supercomputers, and virtual libraries such as the Web. There is considerable international collaboration in medical research and attempting to deal with worldwide health issues. The eradication of smallpox is a great story of success, and progress in dealing with AIDS is being made by a huge number of teams of researchers who are both competitive and collaborative.
		+
		+	==Educational Implications==
		+	There is still room in our world for the solitary R&D person. However, progress in attacking many of the R&D-related problems confronting people and our world tends to require teams of people, facilitated by support staff and R&D tools.
		+
		+	Thus, our education system faces the task of helping students to develop the types of knowledge and skills useful in collaborative R&D and other types of work. This challenge is often talked about in terms of sports in which a group of players must learn to work together as a team. It is also standard to talk about the employees in a company working together as a team.
		+
		+	Such collaboration is common in academic learning environments. Good examples can be found in situations where students work together on projects, where students form and effectively use study groups, where students learn to provide constructive criticism and useful formative evaluation to each other, and so on.
		+
		+	On the other hand, formal education has a very strong competitive orientation. In some sense, each individual student is competing against other students in terms of a grading system and a process of grading "on a curve." The design of an assessment instrument typically includes a focus on producing a spread of results.
		+
		+	There is another very important educational implication that is not being addressed very well. The R&D and other teams or groups of workers make routine use of Information and Communication Technology and quite powerful tools. However, typically students are not allowed to use such tools when they are taking tests. Our educational system has not yet adjusted to the basic tenets of [http://iae-pedia.org/Computational_Thinking Computational Thinking] and that [http://iae-pedia.org/Two_Brains_Are_Better_Than_One two brains] (human plus computer) are frequently better than one.
		+
		+	==Collaboration Without Pay==
		+	In their routine, everyday activities, humans interact with each other and provided services without remuneration to each other. This might be a small think like holding a door open to politely assist a person following you. It might be providing directions to a question such as, "Where is the nearest grocery store?"
		+
		+	The Internet has facilitated some very large scale collaborative efforts in which people work without remuneration. The Wikipedia is typically held up as a prime example. However, there are a great many examples of [http://iae-pedia.org/Crowdsourcing_to_Improve_Education Crowd Sourcing.] In essence, a great many people are willing to share their expertise and to contribute to the common good.
		+
		+	===<Center>Crowdsourcing</Center>===
		+	The following is quoted from the [http://irevolution.wordpress.com/2010/06/28/demystifying-crowdsourcing/ iRevolution Website:]
		+
		+	:: The use of crowdsourcing may be relatively new to the technology, business and humanitarian sectors but when it comes to statistics, crowdsourcing is a well known and established sampling method. Crowdsourcing is just non-probability sampling. The crowdsourcing of crisis information is simply an application of non-probability sampling.
		+
		+	:: Lets first review probability sampling in which every unit in the population being sampled has a known probability (greater than zero) of being selected. This approach makes it possible to “produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their probability selection.”
		+
		+	:: Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, describes an approach in which some units of the population have no chance of being selected or where the probability of selection cannot be accurately determined. An example is convenience sampling. The main drawback of non-probability sampling techniques is that “information about the relationship between sample and population is limited, making it difficult to extrapolate from the sample to the population.”
		+
		+	===<Center>A Math Research Example</Center>===
		+	An [http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_15713739?nclick_check=1 8/01/2010 article by Lisa Krieger] summarizes a crowd sourcing type of collaboration among research mathematicians. Quoting from the article:
		+
		+	:: Have you been pondering the probability that two random integers are relatively prime? The answer -- 6/π² -- awaits you in cyberspace.
		+	:: In a stunning example of the power of the Internet to attract and connect the smartest minds on earth around the most difficult problems, scholars at UC Berkeley and Stanford have created a free website, called [http://mathoverflow.net/ MathOverflow], which is transforming math research.
		+
		+	:: The format is simple. By linking questions and answers from hands-on participants, each small solution builds toward a larger understanding, accelerating research. And it proves that mass collaboration can greatly expand human problem-solving abilities.
		+
		+	==References==
		+	IAE Wiki (n.d.) Crowdsourcing to improve education. Retrieved 8/30 2010 from http://iae-pedia.org/Crowdsourcing_to_Improve_Education.
		+
		+	iRevolution (6/28/2010). Demystifying Crowdsourcing: An Introduction to Non-Probability Sampling. retrieved 8/30/2010 from http://irevolution.wordpress.com/2010/06/28/demystifying-crowdsourcing/.
		+
		+	Krieger, Lisa M (8/8/2010). Stanford and UC Berkeley create massively collaborative math. Mercury News. Retrieved 8/30/2010 from http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_15713739?nclick_check=1. The end of the article includes links to Other references: MathOverflow.net, the wiki ncatlab.org, and the blog polymathprojects.org, and mentions the or online journals MathSciNet and arXiv.
		+
		+	==Author or Authors==
		+	The original version of this document was developed by David Moursund.
		+
		+	[[Category: Computational Thinking]]
		+	[[Category: Improving Education]]
		+	[[Category: Math]]

Collaborative Research

2010-08-30T22:30:16Z

moved [[Collaborative Research]] to [[Collaborative Research and Invention]] Better title

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Collaborative Research

2010-08-30T22:29:49Z

Created page with '<Center>Image: IAE-pedia Header.png __TOC__</Center>'

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